Cybersecurity researchers have disclosed a malware marketing campaign that makes use of pretend software program installers masquerading as standard instruments like LetsVPN and QQ Browser to ship the Winos 4.0 framework.
The marketing campaign, first detected by Rapid7 in February 2025, entails the usage of a multi-stage, memory-resident loader known as Catena.
“Catena makes use of embedded shellcode and configuration switching logic to stage payloads like Winos 4.0 fully in reminiscence, evading conventional antivirus instruments,” safety researchers Anna Širokova and Ivan Feigl mentioned. “As soon as put in, it quietly connects to attacker-controlled servers – principally hosted in Hong Kong – to obtain follow-up directions or extra malware.”
The assaults, like people who have deployed Winos 4.0 previously, seem to focus particularly on Chinese language-speaking environments, with the cybersecurity firm calling out the “cautious, long-term planning” by a really succesful menace actor.
Winos 4.0 (aka ValleyRAT) was first publicly documented by Development Micro in June 2024 as utilized in assaults focusing on Chinese language-speaking customers via malicious Home windows Installer (MSI) recordsdata for VPN apps. The exercise has been attributed to a menace cluster it tracks as Void Arachne, which can be known as Silver Fox.
Subsequent campaigns distributing the malware have leveraged gaming-related purposes like set up instruments, velocity boosters, and optimization utilities as lures to trick customers into putting in it. One other assault wave detailed in February 2025 focused entities in Taiwan by way of phishing emails that presupposed to be from the Nationwide Taxation Bureau.
Constructed atop the foundations of a identified distant entry trojan known as Gh0st RAT, Winos 4.0 is a sophisticated malicious framework written in C++ that makes use of a plugin-based system to reap knowledge, present distant shell entry, and launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) assaults.
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| QQBrowser-Primarily based An infection Movement Noticed in February 2025 |
Rapid7 mentioned all of the artifacts flagged in February 2025 relied on NSIS installers bundled with signed decoy apps, shellcode embedded in “.ini” recordsdata, and reflective DLL injection to covertly preserve persistence on contaminated hosts and keep away from detection. Your entire an infection chain has been given the moniker Catena.
“The marketing campaign has to date been energetic all through 2025, displaying a constant an infection chain with some tactical changes – pointing to a succesful and adaptive menace actor,” the researchers mentioned.
The start line is a trojanized NSIS installer impersonating an installer for QQ Browser, a Chromium-based net browser developed by Tencent, that is designed to ship Winos 4.0 utilizing Catena. The malware communicates with hard-coded command-and-control (C2) infrastructure over TCP port 18856 and HTTPS port 443.
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| From LetsVPN Installer to Winos 4.0 in April 2025 |
Persistence on the host is achieved by registering scheduled duties which are executed weeks after the preliminary compromise. Whereas the malware options an specific test to search for Chinese language language settings on the system, it nonetheless proceeds with the execution even when that is not the case.
This means it is an unfinished function and one thing that is anticipated to be carried out in subsequent iterations of the malware. That mentioned, Rapid7 mentioned it recognized in April 2025 a “tactical shift” that not solely switched a few of the parts of the Catena execution chain, but additionally included options to evade antivirus detection.
Within the revamped assault sequence, the NSIS installer disguises itself as a setup file for LetsVPN and runs a PowerShell command that provides Microsoft Defender exclusions for all drives (C: to Z:). It then drops extra payloads, together with an executable that takes a snapshot of operating processes and checks for processes associated to 360 Complete Safety, an antivirus product developed by Chinese language vendor Qihoo 360.
The binary is signed with an expired certificates issued by VeriSign and allegedly belongs to Tencent Expertise (Shenzhen). It was legitimate from 2018-10-11 to 2020-02-02. The first duty of the executable is to reflectively load a DLL file that, in flip, connects to a C2 server (“134.122.204[.]11:18852” or “103.46.185[.]44:443”) in an effort to obtain and execute Winos 4.0.
“This marketing campaign exhibits a well-organized, regionally centered malware operation utilizing trojanized NSIS installers to quietly drop the Winos 4.0 stager,” the researchers mentioned.
“It leans closely on memory-resident payloads, reflective DLL loading, and decoy software program signed with legit certificates to keep away from elevating alarms. Infrastructure overlaps and language-based focusing on trace at ties to Silver Fox APT, with exercise doubtless aimed toward Chinese language-speaking environments.”
